Saithan - Morphology
Morphological profile
- significantly more nominal than the Veyatic languages
- strongly suffixing, but with old inflectional layer
- prefers definition, classification and nominalization to everyday verbal economy
- no grammatical gender class; Titles and roles are lexical, not inflectional
- no items in the standard system
Word classes
| word class | Profile | Examples |
|---|
| noun | Basic support of concept, title, code, procedure | saith, kethum, mnorum |
| Verbs | formal, highly regularized, often in definitions and theorems | skaivekh, mnorekh, draukekh |
| adjectives | mostly relational and uninflected | saithin, kethin, mnorin |
| particles | economical, usually logical or formulaic function | na (negation), ul (none, missing) |
| Compounds | highly productive in technical language and institution names | mnorvaur, kethselthum |
Typical word endings
| ending | Function | Example |
|---|
-th | compact core term, often canonical or definitional | saith, keth |
-eth | abstract process, field, discipline | skaiveth, drauketh |
-aith | Theorem, doctrine, axiomatic layer | thaelaith, kethaith |
-or | Role, official, professional | kaivor, mnoror |
-ar | Office, mandate, institutional function | kethar |
-um | Codex, corpus, ordered whole | kethum, mnorum, selthum |
-skor | Scheme, taxonomic order | skaivskor |
-ein | Class, type, scientific category | morkein |
-ir | Unit, particle, discrete subject size | grathir, neldir |
-akh | Instrument, apparatus, vessel | kaivakh, eirnakh |
-in | relational adjective | saithin, selthin |
-ekh | Quotation form of the verb | kaivekh, kethekh |
Nominal morphology
Number
- Basic form: unmarked singular
- Counting plural:
-im - Collective/corpus plural:
-aum
Examples:
kaivor -> kaivorimmnoror -> mnororimsaith -> saithaum
Cases and function markers
| Function | Markers | Core meaning | Example |
|---|
| Basic shape | -0 | Citation form, subject, general term | keth |
| genitive | -en | belonging, subordination, "of" | kethen vaur = House of Law |
| Directive/Dative | -ar | for, to, towards something | saithar = for knowledge / towards knowledge |
| locative | -ur | in, within, at the headquarters of an institution | mnorvaurur = in the archive house |
| Instrumental | -is | by means of, through, after a procedure | kaivethis = by measurement |
| Essive/Classificative | -ath | as, in the role/category of | morkeinath = as substance class |
Notes:
- Case markers follow any plural markers:
kaivorim-en. - After heavy final sounds, the markers in the orthography are fully preserved; Saithanic avoids strong sound smoothing.
- In very dense subject stems, a weak connecting vowel level may appear before instrumental or classificatory suffixes; However, it is usually not specifically marked in standard spelling.
Adjectives
- Relational adjectives are mainly formed with
-in. - They do not inflect according to number or case.
- In formal prose they usually come before the noun.
Examples:
saithin vaur = learned / academic housekethin selthum = legal code of proceduremnorin iskareth = archival definition
Verb morphology
Basic pattern
- Citation form: stem +
-ekh - Finite forms do not have a personal ending; Person is identified via noun or context.
- Universal and theorems prefer the gnomic basic form.| shape | Education | Function | Example | |---|---|---|---| | citation form | Trunk +
-ekh | Lexicon compliant | skaivekh | | Gnomic/teaching form | Trunk + -ek | Definition, general truth | skaivek | | Documentary past | Trunk + -en | recorded, witnessed past | skaiven | | Injunctive/ritual form | Trunk + -ath | Regulation, teaching command, ritual sentence | skaivath | | participle/result | Trunk + -in | ordered, recorded, classified | skaivin |
Irregular copula
| shape | Meaning |
|---|
esk | is, is considered |
esen | was, was |
esath | be, apply |
Derivation
Abstract concepts
| suffix | Function | Example |
|---|
-eth | Process, field, ordered abstraction | mnoreth, kaiveth |
-aith | Doctrine, blocks of principles, doctrinal abstraction | saithaith, thaelaith |
Roles and offices
| suffix | Function | Example |
|---|
-or | Specialist, bearer of a function | draukor, saithor |
-ar | Office, rank, institutional mandate | kethar |
Systems and orders
| suffix | Function | Example |
|---|
-um | Codex, corpus, ordered whole | kethum, mnorum |
-skor | Scheme, grid, taxonomic order | skaivskor |
Scientific categories
| suffix | Function | Example |
|---|
-ein | Class, Type, Observable Category | morkein |
-ir | Unit, particle, smallest discrete size | grathir, neldir |
-ath | classificatory role marking in the sentence | morkeinath |
Instruments and apparatus
| suffix | Function | Example |
|---|
-akh | Measuring, observation or process device | kaivakh, eirnakh, draukakh |
Composition
- Right-headed: the last term determines the basic class.
- Compounds are usually written together.
- Institutional terms and procedural nouns are particularly common.
Examples:
mnor + vaur -> mnorvaur = Archive houseketh + selthum -> kethselthum = Process Codeiskar + keth -> iskarketh = definition standardgrath + kaiveth -> grathkaiveth = mass measurementsolk + draukakh -> solkdraukakh = Binding analyzerkeln + eirnakh -> kelneirnakh = cell scanner / cell sensor
Short character
Saithan morphology appears learned, dense and concept-centered: lots of nouns, lots of systematic derivations, few everyday particles and a clear preference for codes, discipline names and role titles.